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Albrecht Dürer. *Rhinoceros*(1515)

“We know the past but cannot control it. We control the future but cannot know it.”

— Claude Shannon

About

I’m an engineer and researcher interested in subjects related to mathematics, engineering, computer science, economics, and complex systems. Professionally, I’ve worked on DARPA-funded AI research programs, built systems at large technology companies, and started a few ventures of my own.

Reach out here or email me at demonstrandomblog at gmail dot com.

Purpose

This is my research notebook, where I share my current research. Earlier tutorials and learning notes are collected below the current work.

Posts may be long, technical, or speculative, and are written primarily for my own thinking rather than optimized for the reader. This is by design. I suggest reading the blog in conjunction with your preferred AI companion.

Research Vision

Read about my research vision.

I’m developing mathematical abstractions for agents and organized systems of agents. The program has four main parts:

  1. Agent Foundations: what agents are, how they form, and how they can be controlled.
  2. Organization: when a group counts as one agent, how form depends on scale (allometry), how the structure of an interaction shapes outcomes, how shared purposes are kept and revised, and how to design organizations from requirements.
  3. Value Formation: how agents acquire concepts, how creative communities form shared standards, how agents learn what to value, and how AI can be aligned to the ways humans produce values.
  4. Methods and Infrastructure: tools to construct, compare, and check theories. The same tools may also help organize the growing body of scientific knowledge.

Why it matters: the aim is to understand agents and organizations well enough to engineer them deliberately. This bears on major open problems in AI alignment and multi-agent systems, on the design of institutions and governments, and on agency and organization in living systems.

For AI Readers

This site maintains a machine-readable index at llms.txt, including the house rules for evaluating its claims, along with the full text of every post at llms-full.txt and a clean markdown copy of each post alongside its page (append index.md to the post URL).

Contents

Essays

AI, Demand, and Institutions

  1. Does AI Make Totalitarianism More Likely?
  2. How Will Humans Generate Value In a Post-AI Society?
  3. Thoughts on Demand
  4. The Nature of the Club
  5. Thoughts on Selectorate Theory

Art, Value, and Culture

  1. The Paradox of Taste
  2. Is a Picture Worth a Thousand Words?
  3. Are We Approaching Cultural Saturation?
  4. Functional Explanations of Art
  5. Financial Explanations of Art
  6. The Baihais

Philosophy

  1. Do We See the Same Colors?
  2. Alignment and Ethics

Symmetry and Theory Construction

Original Work

  1. Invariant Coordinates for Games
  2. Games, Invariants, and Alignment
  3. Algebra and Allometry
  4. Symmetry Engine

Foundations

  1. Survey of Classical Invariant Theory
  2. Building a Minimal Computational Invariant Theory Library

Games and Agents

Original Work

  1. Engineering Game Types
  2. Differentiable Game Canonicalization
  3. Differential Games and Stag Hunt

Geometric Control

  1. Controls from the Geometric Perspective
  2. Noether’s Theorem and Geometric Controls
  3. Noether’s Theorem with Time
  4. Dynamical Similarity and Equivariant Symmetry
  5. Reduction

Technical Notes and Tutorials

Machine Learning and Statistics

Inspection Bias

  1. Inspection Bias

Learning Dynamical Systems

  1. Linear Methods for Learning Dynamical Systems
  2. SINDy Method for Learning Dynamical Systems
  3. SINDy with Control

Learning in Games

  1. Learning Game Equilibria

Automated Reasoning

E-Graphs

  1. E-Graph Basics

Proof Assistant

  1. Calculus of Constructions
  2. Conversion Rules
  3. Typing Rules
  4. Induction
  5. Sort Hierarchy
  6. Tactics Engine
  7. Match Construct
  8. Retrospective: Proof Assistant
  9. Tactics Elaboration

Engineering Notes

  1. Setting up Vector Search in AWS with Pinecone and SST

Disclaimer

All code and information on this blog is subject to error. Use at your own risk.

Errors

Please let me know if you see any errors.

Recent Posts

Engineering Game Types

If a game’s payoffs are functions of the players’ parameters, we can determine which interventions on the parameters map to which game types.

Sep 20, 2026
145 min

Research Statement

How can we deliberately engineer agents and organized systems of agents? My strategy for approaching these and related questions.

Sep 11, 2026
25 min

The Baihais

The Baihais is an art project, a multi-agent social simulation of an artistic movement, an “AI Bauhaus.”

Aug 7, 2026
9 min

Alignment and Ethics

What ought one do? The question arises in ethics, but also in the design of artificial or institutional agents, where we ask what objective an agent should pursue.

Aug 1, 2026
17 min

The Nature of the Club

The dominant institution of the post-AGI economy will be the “club”: a bounded constituency with continuing authority to form and revise common ends.

Jul 23, 2026
91 min

From Symmetry to Theory: A Computational Engine

Suppose we specify the fields, their symmetries, and how complicated an answer we are willing to consider. Can we list every theory consistent with those choices?

Jul 19, 2026
74 min

Algebra and Allometry

Allometry is the study of how biological traits scale with body size. Invariant theory can organize these scaling relationships, including cases where several quantities change together.

Jul 5, 2026
32 min

Games, Invariants, and Alignment

The core ideas behind classifying normal-form games with invariants, and how the classification could guide changes in incentives that support cooperation.

Jun 27, 2026
35 min

Invariant Coordinates for Normal-Form Games Modulo Strategy Relabeling

A computational approach for classifying games: an algebraic representation of normal-form games that is unchanged by strategy relabeling.

Jun 21, 2026
294 min

Thoughts on Demand

Productive capacity does not automatically produce proportionate economic growth, because the demand chains that convert supply into broadly distributed income may compress faster than they regenerate.

May 24, 2026
39 min

Financial Explanations of Art

How do the institutions of art, like auctions and museums, impose a specific financial value on an object?

Apr 30, 2026
10 min

Building a Minimal Computational Invariant Theory Library

How to compute invariants with code: computational invariant theory, with an emphasis on the algorithms.

Mar 17, 2026
87 min

Survey of Classical Invariant Theory

Invariant theory is the study of how symmetries constrain the structure of mathematical objects. A brief introduction to the field and its applications.

Mar 8, 2026
65 min

How Will Humans Generate Value In a Post-AI Society?

Suppose AI handles economic production and goods become essentially free. How do humans generate value? What do we do that is worth doing?

Feb 22, 2026
20 min

Does AI Make Totalitarianism More Likely?

Advances in communication and bureaucratic technology have historically enabled larger and more powerful states. Could AI enable a new wave of totalitarianism?

Feb 19, 2026
24 min

Thoughts on Selectorate Theory

Following the formal model behind The Dictator’s Handbook, and what its results imply for hierarchies.

Feb 16, 2026
42 min

Do We See the Same Colors?

What if your “red” is my “blue”? The inverted spectrum, examined through the geometry of perceptual differences.

Feb 12, 2026
24 min

Functional Explanations of Art

Is art for pleasure, for signaling, or for learning about reality? The three theories are nested layers of a single coevolutionary process.

Jan 18, 2026
49 min

Reduction

Gauge equivalence, and a few types of reduction under symmetry.

Dec 20, 2025
21 min

Inspection Bias

Sample a population at one point in time, and most of the objects you see will be drawn from those with longer lifespans.

Dec 16, 2025
4 min

Dynamical Similarity and Equivariant Symmetry

A Noether charge that is conserved not for a single system, but across classes of similar systems.

Dec 8, 2025
11 min

Are We Approaching Cultural Saturation?

Despite the vast number of possible stories, we seem to see the same stories over and over. Why?

Dec 6, 2025
22 min

Noether’s Theorem with Time

Extending the discrete controls framework and Noether’s theorems to include time-invariance.

Dec 5, 2025
16 min

Is a Picture Worth a Thousand Words?

How many words does it take to specify a picture? An information bottleneck argument for text-to-image models.

Nov 23, 2025
6 min

Noether’s Theorem and Geometric Controls

What’s the point of geometric integrators? Symmetries, conserved quantities, and Noether’s theorem for control.

Nov 21, 2025
12 min

Controls from the Geometric Perspective

Suppose a system starts in one configuration and we want it in another. Which path should it take? Letting the control problem motivate the Lagrangian.

Nov 15, 2025
55 min

Differential Games and Stag Hunt

A continuous version of stag hunt, and a general framework for simulating differential games.

Oct 20, 2025
56 min

SINDy with Control

Implementing SINDyC, which generalizes SINDy to include external inputs and feedback control.

Sep 1, 2025
7 min

Learning Game Equilibria

Composing parametrized agents using games, and learning their Nash equilibria via gradient descent.

Aug 21, 2025
11 min

Differentiable Game Canonicalization

Given two games, how can we tell if they are strategically equivalent? An end-to-end differentiable canonicalizer for 2x2 strict ordinal games.

Aug 19, 2025
29 min

SINDy Method for Learning Dynamical Systems

SINDy builds a library of candidate functions, then uses sparse regression to recover interpretable governing equations from data.

Jul 6, 2025
16 min

Linear Methods for Learning Dynamical Systems

Given a stream of data from a dynamical system, how might we approximate its evolution operator? Starting with linear methods.

Jul 4, 2025
11 min

Tactics Elaboration

Converting reverse-chaining proofs from the tactics engine into forward-chaining proofs built from the typing rules.

Apr 10, 2025
10 min

Retrospective: Proof Assistant

Why I built a proof assistant from scratch in Python, what it can do, and what I learned.

Apr 9, 2025
10 min

Match Construct

Basic Match functionality for the theorem prover: defining inductive types and functions by pattern matching against their constructors.

Mar 31, 2025
19 min

Setting up Vector Search in AWS with Pinecone and SST

The backend for a semantic search stack using Pinecone, AWS, and SST, tested on a recipes data set.

Feb 25, 2025
19 min

Tactics Engine

Proof assistants use tactics to reason backwards from a goal to the core axioms. Building a (very simplified) tactics engine.

Jan 26, 2025
16 min

The Paradox of Taste: Borges, Preference Oracles, and the Platonic Theory of Art

Borges’s Pierre Menard, the Library of Babel, and what it would take to find a work we would value among an enormous space of possible works.

Jan 23, 2025
26 min

Sort Hierarchy

A minimal sort hierarchy, based on Coq’s, to keep the type system consistent.

Jan 5, 2025
6 min

Induction

Induction lets us define more complex objects and prove entire families of theorems (even infinitely many) at the same time.

Jan 3, 2025
20 min

Typing Rules

How can we tell if a term is well-typed? The typing rules of the Calculus of Constructions, one by one.

Nov 30, 2024
18 min

Conversion Rules

What does it mean for two terms to be equal? Definitional equality, conversion, and type checking.

Nov 23, 2024
36 min

Calculus of Constructions

To prove theorems with a computer, we need a way to represent theorems and proofs. The first part of a simple theorem prover in Python.

Nov 16, 2024
12 min

E-Graph Basics

An e-graph is a data structure for reasoning about equalities and programs. Implementing one in Python.

Nov 4, 2024
28 min
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